Samuel Butler was a 19th-century English novelist and essayist, best known for his sharp critiques of the hypocrisy within Victorian religion and morality. He spent part of his youth managing a sheep farm in New Zealand, an experience that later shaped his literary imagination. His notable work Erewhon uses satire and paradox to question social institutions and human nature, while writings like The Way of All Flesh critically examined the Bible and Christian faith. Though controversial during his time, his works have since been recognized for their modern insights. Butler persistently explored the contradictions of human existence and civilization, leaving behind a distinctive literary voice.